新約導讀 - 第二課: - 約翰福音

1. 約翰福音... 1

a. 簡介... 1

b. 結構... 2

c. 風格... 2

d. 神學特徵... 5

e. 文學分析 (Literary Approach: Narrative criticism). 5

Note: Greek font may be in SPIonic or Symbol.

參考書/資料:

1. 滕慕理著 新約綜覽 (香港: 宣道, 1985).

2. Kysar, Robert. “John, The Gospel of,” Anchor Bible Dictionary, Vol. 3, pp. 912- 931.

3. Krentz, Edgar. M. “Thessalonians, First and Second Epistles to the,” Anchor Bible Dictionary, Vol. 6, pp. 515-523.

4. Johnson, L.T. “ Luke-Acts, Book of,” Anchor Bible Dictionary, Vol. 4, pp. 403- 420.

5. 我的網上雜誌：使徒行傳課程內容: http://philenid.tripod.com

6. New backup site: http://philipyim.0catch.com

7. Books: The Social World of Luke-Acts: Models for Interpretation Edited by Jerome H. Neyrey

8. Tannehill Robert C. , The Narrative Unity of Luke-Acts--A Literary Interpretation Volume 2: The Acts of the Apostles

9. On-line Research information on John

1. 約翰福音

[other reference: Characteristics ;

a. 簡介

[other reference: Jones, Edgar The Authorship of the Fourth Gospel ]

The Internal Evidence of the Fourth Gospel

1. 寫作日期： 公元40-110年間，但不少學者定在90-95(Jamnia大會)，也有部份提議在80-85年。

2. 作者：約翰。

b. 結構

以往不少學者認為約翰地理上的編排有點問題，於是努力重新編排內容。但後來發現這書根本不是以地理編排為主線的。內容大致可以分為兩大部份。

George Mlakuzhyil's The Christocentric Literary Structure of the Fourth Gospel was described as a book with which to be reckoned (cf. Kerux 5:1 [May 1990]: 47-50)。In response to theis, the Scandanavian journal, Studia Theologia, featured a major critique of Mlakuzhyil by Gunnar Ostenstad entitled "The Structure of the Fourth Gospel: Can it be Defined Objectively?" (Vol. 45 [1991]: 33-55.) :- 三文治結構.

Taking Jn. 8:12-12:50 as the central section of the gospel, Ostenstad argues that the remainder of the book is oriented concentrically around this central section.

1. Part One consists of 1:19-2:25;

2. Part Two, 3:1-4:54;

3. Part Three, 5:1-7:52.

4. Part Four is the Central Section (8:12-12:50).

5. Part Five spans 13:1-17:26;

6. Part Six is the Johannine Passion Narrative, 18:1-19:42;

7. Part Seven includes 20:1-21:24.

The whole is flanked by the Prologue (1:1-18) and the Epilogue (21:25).

[更多參考資料: The Gospel of John: An Introduction, by James T. Dennison, Jr.
The Structure of John's Gospel The Present State of the Question, , by James T. Dennison, Jr.]

1-12章 徵兆之書(Book of Signs) 耶穌公開的工作：在加利利和猶大之間活動。

13-20章榮耀之書(Book of Glory) 與門徒的獨處(13-17章) 耶穌的受死(18-21章)

c. 風格

[Other: THE SOCIOLOGY OF SECRECY AND THE FOURTH GOSPEL]

1. 使用不少獨有的字: 生命，光，黑暗，真理，世界，猶太人，知道，中保，兒子(Son)。 “差我來者”指天父 , 在其他福音書很少這樣用法。

2. 獨有: 重複的用字 “實實在在”(amen amen) (約1:51; 10:1; 12:24)。

3. 特有: 七個“我是…” (ego eimi, I “I am” egw eimi ; e)gw¯ ei¹mi - 6:20, 35, 51; 8:24; 15:5)。[應用:認識主大能] ["I AM" Sayings in the Fourth Gospel (in Greek)] Seven of these occur with predicate nominative: [1]

4. 論述段長篇大論(對比 太5-7章; 約14-16章)。

5. 希臘文用字上, 混合同義詞使用 (例: 約3章; 約21章)。字彙很少 ，文法簡單。風格反映有猶太人背景，有部份閃語加入。

6. 重覆: 可能是詩歌体風格。例如: 約17章 。(有平行, 音律), 可能方便公開頌讀。

7. 也談到聖靈的工作：以聖靈為保惠師與耶穌相提並論。

8. 記號(Signs): 神蹟作為記號 (sēmeion, shmeion)，重視信和生命。 七個神蹟。

Traditional list of seven (or eight?) signs: [2]

a) 2:1-11 Water into Wine at Cana - "Jesus did this, the first of his signs... and manifested his glory" (2:11)
b) 4:46-54 Official’s son near death at Capernaum - "the second sign that Jesus did" (4:54)
c?) 5:1-9ff Healing of a sick man at Pool of Bethesda - called a "work," not a "sign" (7:21; cf. 5:17)
d) 6:1-14ff Feeding of the 5000 - "When the people saw the sign which he had done..." (6:14)
e?) 6:16-21 Walking on water (never called a "sign", and does not function as one!)
f) 9:1-7ff Healing of a man born blind - "How can a sinner do such signs?" (9:16)
g) 11:1-45 Lazarus raised from the dead - "they heard he had done this sign" (12:18)

h?) 21:1-14 Resurrection Appearance at Sea of Tiberias (not called a "sign", but closely related)

=================

a) 2:1-11 Water into Wine at Cana - "Jesus did this, the first of his signs... and manifested his glory" (2:11)
b) 4:46-54 Official’s son near death at Capernaum - "the second sign that Jesus did" (4:54)
c?) 5:1-9ff Healing of a sick man at Pool of Bethesda - called a "work," not a "sign" (7:21; cf. 5:17)
d) 6:1-14ff Feeding of the 5000 - "When the people saw the sign which he had done..." (6:14)
f) 9:1-7ff Healing of a man born blind - "How can a sinner do such signs?" (9:16)
g) 11:1-45 Lazarus raised from the dead - "they heard he had done this sign" (12:18)

h?) 21:1-14 Death & Resurrection Appearance (not called a "sign", but closely related)

or delete c) & Take 5 signs with Jesus’ death & resurrection as the 6^th and 7^th ones.

"Many other signs" mentioned, but not narrated: 2:23; 3:2; 6:2; 7:31; 9:16; 11:47; 12:37; 20:30-31; cf. 4:45

d. 神學特徵

1. 基督: 神與神的道, 七個“我是”, 兒子名號, 那差來者, 來源與命定

2. 十字架: 登位, 得榮耀與升天, 新逾越節, 神愛的高峯行動(15:13)

3. 二元論: 光明對比黑暗(1:5); 上和下(8:23); 生死(3:36)

4. 信心: 信耶穌 (believe in; 1:12; 3;18; 12:46), 個人委身。

5. 末世論: 未來復活(6:39-40, 54), 審判(現在 3;18)

6. 聖靈: =神同在(4:42); 保惠師(14:15-17; 15:26-27; 16:7-11,12-14)

7. 聖禮: 沒直接講聖禮; 耶穌沒給人行浸禮(3:22; 4:2)? [對約3章]

8. 教會: 聖靈同在; 與世界不同(1;12); 枝子(15:1-7)

參考書:

Culpepper, R. Alan. Anatomy of the Fourth Gospel: A Study in Literary Design. (Philadelphia: Fortress, 1983).

e. 文學分析 (Literary Approach: Narrative criticism)

這裏只包括暗示性註釋(Implicit Commentary: - Misunderstanding, Symbolism, Irony)

1. 誤解 (misunderstanding) –基督(用象徵) à 對象(用字面) 例: 約4 撒瑪利亞婦人.

1. 對比對觀福音, 耶穌會在私下向門徒講解比喻.

2. 約3:3 ( anwqen ) :- 重新again (尼哥底母) / 重上來 (耶穌)

3. 約3:5 水和靈 及 水和浸禮 (從水而生)

4. 約4:10-11 “水”問題 (活水‘udwr zwn )

5. 約8:33 “自由”問題 (政治不自由à屬靈自由, 不受罪影響.)

6. 約11:11-12 “睡” ( kekoimhtai ) 睡 à死.

7. 約11:23-24 “復活” (Anasthsetai ) 將來復活(v.24) à現在復活(v.25) .

8. 約14:5-8 我們不知你往那裏去.

誤解主題主要集中耶穌的死, 復活, 榮耀(2:19-21; 6:51-53; 7:33-36; 8:21-22; 12:32-34; 13:36-38; 14:4-6; 16:16-19).

作用:

1. 分別局內人(insiders, 明白耶穌的人)及局外人.

2. 去除對約翰神學的懷疑或錯覺.

3. 教導讀者是解讀約翰福音.

2. 象徵 (Symbolism) –基督(用象徵) à 對象(用字面) 例: 約4 撒瑪利亞婦人.

物質	象徵及經文
酒	約2 a) 大量 b) 彌賽亞筵席
聖殿[他的身体]	約2:13 以他的身体代替聖殿
水	約7:38; 19:34 (水和血=洗禮); 4 (活泉, =恩典或聖靈)
麵包Bread	約 6 (信神? 聖餐, 屬靈食物=神自己)
光, 看見, 瞎	約1(前言), 約3:19-21; 8:12; 約9
好牧人
葡萄樹和枝子
聖禮	全部皆是? O. Cullmann

3. 反諷 (Irony) –基督(用象徵) à 對象(用字面) 例: 約4 撒瑪

表面意義	深層意義	經文
比雅各大	神比雅各大	4:12
去希臘人處?去那裡呢?	去死	7:35
自殺?我們不能去?	被殺	8:22
我們知道這人是罪人! 我們是瞎的嗎?!	法利賽人是屬靈瞎眼	9:24-40
要殺耶穌	耶穌為人贖罪. 無意識地預言	11:48-50
耶穌被視為君王般,被戲弄.	是的, 他是君王!	19:3,14,19,22

4. 多重意義 (Levels of Meaning) –

3:3 a)nwqen– anothen 兩解 :- 上, 重新

3:8 to\ pneu~ma – to pneuma 多解 :- 風, 靈, 氣息

3:14u(/ywsen– hupswsen 被舉起: 基督的榮耀在十字架被高舉(shame)

13:1 ei)v te/lov – eis telos 兩解:- to the end(last point), the Finish (X), to an extreme.

19:30-31 tetelestai – v.30 tetelestai (It is finished) What is finished?

1) finished 2) pefected.

v.31 pare/dwken to\ pneu~ma

1)He died 2) He gave Holy Spirit to the Lord.